• Pathogens, Infections, and Strategies for Prevention and Treatment
  • Saeedeh Ahmadzadeh,1,*
    1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences (Fakhri Zadeh), Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran


  • Introduction: Pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, prions, parasites, and other microbes, differ in their size, shape, genetic material, and biological functions. While the human body naturally harbors many microorganisms, they typically become harmful only when the immune system is weakened. These pathogens can cause disease either by producing toxins or by triggering damaging immune responses.
  • Methods: Infection occurs when harmful microorganisms invade and proliferate within the body, entering and interacting with host cells. Transmission routes include contact with feces, sexual activity, exchange of bodily fluids, or consumption of contaminated food and water. Preventive strategies include vaccination, hygiene in daily and sexual activities, avoiding the sharing of personal items, covering wounds, and maintaining a healthy diet.
  • Results: Clinical symptoms of infection vary depending on the site and type of pathogen but often include fever, sweating, coughing, abdominal pain, rapid breathing, sudden temperature changes, and reduced urine output. If untreated, infections can lead to severe complications such as circulatory failure. Antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins, are effective against bacterial infections but not viral infections. Misuse of antibiotics may result in resistance and secondary complications.
  • Conclusion: The control and eradication of infectious diseases rely on timely diagnosis, proper treatment, vaccination, quarantine, and public health education. Rational antibiotic use and awareness of transmission routes are crucial in preventing resistance and reducing the global burden of infectious diseases.
  • Keywords: Pathogens, Infection, Transmission, Symptoms, Antibiotics, Resistance, Vaccination, Public Health