• An overiew diagnosis ,teartment and prevention of Malt Fever
  • Kimia Parsi,1,*
    1. Ms.c Microbial Biotecnology Tehran Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences. Genetics Bachelor .


  • Introduction: Malt fever is one of the most important common diseases of humans and animals and is highly contagious. Consumption of unpasteurized milk, raw or semi-raw meat and close contact with the body secretions of an infected animal are the main reasons for the transmission of this disease to humans. Brucellosis occurs worldwide. The sources of infection and the responsible organism vary according to geographical area. Affected regions include the Mediterranean countries, North and East Africa, Western Africa, the Middle East, India and Central and South America. This disease is also known as : Brucellosis, Mediterranean fever and Unwanted fever. • The cause of this disease are various species of the bacterial genus Brucella. These bacteria are rod-shaped, gram-negative, small, aerobic but may need added CO2. and non-motile coccobacilli, which do not have a cover and spores. These bacteria are intracellular parasites. They grow slowly but grow well in Brucella Broth at 37°C and pH 7.6. Brucella species grow on solid media as smooth, clear, bluish-white to amber colonies. Brucella canis and Brucella ovis, however, grow as rough and sometimes mucoid colonies.
  • Methods: Types of Brucella in animals include the following strains: brucellosis melitensis (Goat) brucellosis abortus (Cow) Swiss brucellosis (Pigs) brucellosis canis (Dog ) Brucellosis neotum brucellosis ovis (Sheep) And the most common one around the world is Melitensis. Methods: Methods of entry of microbes into the cow's body: Feed Skin: through wounds Udder: during milking Inhalation Artificial insemination: insemination with contaminated sperm Malt fever in humans: Malt fever is transmitted from infected cattle, pigs, sheep or goats to humans, but not from humans to humans. Malt fever affects the blood-forming organs of the body such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver and spleen. Malt fever can be seen in two types, acute and chronic. The incubation period of this disease can be 5 to 60 days (several months have also been seen).
  • Results: The following symptoms appear suddenly in acute Malta fever : 1. Chills, intermittent fever (fever and chills), sweatin Significant fatigue Pain when touching the spine headache Enlargement of lymph nodes The following symptoms appear gradually in chronic Malta fever: 2. tiredness muscle pain back pain weight loss depression impotence (occasionally) Abscesses in the ovaries, kidneys, and brain In case of insufficient care and treatment, the disease may become chronic or cause disability, heart, bone, brain or liver infection. • Diagnosis : • The standard in-tube agglutination test (STA) or Wright's test, which evaluates IgM and IgG. • 2ME agglutination test, which examines IgG. • The Coombs test, which mainly indicates IgG class antibodies. However, if a Coombs test is also performed in the context of a positive Wright's test, all antibodies participating in the Wright's test will also participate in this test, initially. • The complement fixation test, which indicates IgG class antibodies. • Radioimmunoassay and ELISA tests, which are more sensitive and specific than the standard test and complement fixation, indicate both immunoglobulin M and G, but can also be adjusted to examine a particular immunoglobulin class, and therefore, with these tests, acute brucellosis can be easily distinguished from chronic, as well as acute attacks in a chronic setting. In other words, specific anti-brucellosis antibodies of the IgM, IgG and IgA types can be examined by radioimmunoassay. Of course, the problems related to blocking and nonagglutinating antibodies do not exist in these tests, and in the acute or chronic stage of the disease, specific antibodies can be examined separately, and when the interpretation of agglutination tests is ambiguous, the answer can be confirmed by performing an ELISA test. The ELISA test can also be used to distinguish acute and chronic brucellosis by examining IgM or IgG, but this test also shows cross-reaction with yersinosis. • Rose Bengal test, ring test and slide agglutination are rapid agglutination methods. • Blood cultures may be positive in early disease but serology is mainstay of diagnosis. Treatment: Treatment consists of a period of bed rest and antibiotics,and isolation is often not necessary. Antibiotics: such as tetracycline, Doxycycline, rifampin, and streptomycin for three weeks or more are used of fight the bacterial infection, and cortisone drugs are used to reduce severe inflammation. Piankillers are also prescribed for muscle pain. • Prevention : • • 1. Avoid consuming unpasteurized milk, cheese, and other dairy products and uncertifiedmeats. • • 2.Use personal protective equipment such as gloves, eye protection, aprons, etc. when handling animals or meat and other products. • • 3.Vaccination of livestock: Live attenuated strain vaccine is best, and a single injection protects the animal for at least 7 years. • • 4. Educate butchers and other livestock handlers on hygiene
  • Conclusion: Brucellosis is found globally and is a reportable disease in most countries. It affects people of all ages and both sexes. In the general population, most cases are caused by the consumption of raw milk or its derivatives such as fresh cheese. Most of these cases are from sheep and goat products. The disease is also considered an occupational hazard for people who work in the livestock sector. People who work with animals and are in contact with blood, placenta, foetuses and uterine secretions have an increased risk of contracting the disease. This method of transmission primarily affects farmers, butchers, hunters, veterinarians and laboratory personnel. Malt fever is more common in men aged 20 to 60 years. Avoid consuming unpasteurized milk, cheese, and other dairy products and uncertifiedmeats. • • 2.Use personal protective equipment such as gloves, eye protection, aprons, etc. when handling animals or meat and other products. • • 3.Vaccination of livestock: Live attenuated strain vaccine is best, and a single injection protects the animal for at least 7 years. • • 4. Educate butchers and other livestock handlers on hygiene.
  • Keywords: Malt fever. Treatment. Prevention, Diagnosis . Brucellosis. , Mediterranean fever.