• Insight to Human papilloma virus diagnosis and vaccination
  • nikoo safavi,1,* saman hakimian,2 zeinab safavi,3
    1. independent researcher
    2. Phd. student of Microbiology ,Biology department , Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran , Iran
    3. indepedent researcher


  • Introduction: The HPV vaccination is now included in the national program of over 140 countries. Two-dose schedules are being implemented in 80 countries and one-dose schedules in 60 countries . Peltopepimut-S is a therapeutic vaccine, which induces specificexpansion of both CD4+helper and CD8+cytotoxic T-cells against humanpapillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E6/E7 oncoproteins. It has beenestimated that worldwide HPV vaccination with high coverage couldprevent approximately 8.7 million cases by 2094. 20 There is no evidenceof type replacement after vaccination.
  • Methods: A review and synthetic analysis of cervical cancer screening programsand age‐specific coverage estimates for 202 countries and territories worldwide identified recommendations for cervical screening in 139/202(69%) countries and territories. 22 Cytology was the primary screening test in 109/139 (78%) countries, with 48/139 (35%) countries recommending primary HPV‐based screening. Visual inspection withacetic acid (VIA) was the most recommended test in resource‐limitedsettings. Estimated worldwide coverage in women aged 30–49 years in 2019 was 36% ever in lifetime. An estimated 1.6 billion (67%) of 2.3billion women aged 20–70 years, including 662 million (64%) of 1.0 billion women aged 30–49 years, had never been screened for cervical cancer. The inequity wasclear from the fact that 133 million (84%) of 158 million women aged30–49 years living in HICs had been screened ever in lifetime, comparedwith 194 million (48%) of 404 million women in upper‐middle‐incomecountries, 34 million (9%) of 397 million women in LMICs, and only 8million (11%) of 74 million in low‐income countries.
  • Results: The WHO guideline for screening and treatment of cervical pre‐cancerlesions for cervical cancer prevention has algorithms for several cervical screening strategies that have been used effectively in varied settings: cytology (conventional cervical smear and liquid‐based cytology [LBC]),HPV testing (DNA and mRNA); and VIA. 23 These include algorithmsfor the general and HIV populations. The emphasis is on a single visitapproach (SVA) to minimize loss to follow‐up, incorporating treatment atthe screening visit whenever the lesion fulfills the stipulated criteria.
  • Conclusion: Lactobacillus species play a fundamental role in maintaining a healthyvaginal microbiota and have been increasingly recognized for theirprotective effects against high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV)infection and the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).These beneficial bacteria contribute to host defense through multiplemechanisms, including the production of lactic acid that sustains a lowvaginal pH, enhancement of epithelial barrier integrity via E-cadherinregulation, and modulation of immune signaling pathways such asinterferon responses and NF-κB activity.
  • Keywords: HPV -cervical cancer -screening-worldwide-vaccination