• An Integrative analysis of the Biomechanical effect of PLA/Collagen Scaffold containing Bioactive Nano particles in bone tissue regeneration
  • Elnaz Abedini,1,*
    1. doctoral student in Biomedical Engineering, PhD Program, Department of Biomedical Engineering, karabuk ,Turkiye


  • Introduction: Engineering of bone tissue has become a promising therapeutic intervention to treat severe bone defects, as well as, stimulate regenerative wound healing in orthopedics. A major challenge in regenerative medicine is the production of biocompatible scaffolds capable of effectively recreating the natural bone extracellular matrix, as well as providing sufficient mechanical support. There is increasing interest in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and collagen composite scaffolds because they have a rare combination of biodegradability, biocompatibility, and structural flexibility. Bioactive nanoparticles, added to these scaffolds, represent a new approach to increase osteogenic capacity, mechanical functionality, and cell interactions. This systematic review analyzes the recent situation of PLA/collagen scaffold incorporated with other bioactive nanoparticles, their biomechanical functionality, and therapeutic features relating to bone tissue regeneration clinical uses. This paper seeks to critically examine design parameters, fabrication techniques and clinical translation opportunities of these novel biomaterial systems.
  • Methods: A literature review was carried out systematically through several databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, including publications that were published in the last five years (2015-2024). The following search terms were used: combinations of PLA/collagen scaffolds, bioactive nanoparticles, bone tissue engineering, biomechanical properties, and regenerative medicine. The inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed articles that were studying PLA/collagen composite scaffolds with bioactive nanoparticles, including hydroxyapatite (HAp), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), bioactive glass, graphene oxide, and metallic nanoparticles. The review methodology included the analysis of the fabrication techniques such as electrospinning, 3D printing, freeze-drying, and solvent casting techniques. Systematic evaluation of the biomechanical testing protocols such as compressive strength, tensile properties, elastic modulus and fatigue resistance measurements were undertaken. In vitro cellular research of osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and mineralization was compared with in vivo animal model studies evaluating bone formation, integration and healing. Standardized criteria of experimental design, statistical analysis, and result reproducibility were used to conduct quality assessment of identified studies.
  • Results: The in-depth study indicated that bioactive nanoparticles incorporated into PLA/collagen scaffolds possess greatly superior biomechanical properties relative to polymer only scaffolds. nHAp bioactive nanoparticles integrated into PLA/collagen matrices increased compressive strength by 40-60% and elastic modulus by 2-3 fold. Bioactive glass nanoparticles increased the porosity and the structural interconnectivity of scaffolds with pores of 100-500 μm, which is ideal for bone ingrowth. Incorporation of graphene oxide nanoparticles showed the highest improvement in biodegradeable scaffolds, with the tensile strength increasing by 85% and the maximum concentration of 5-15% (w/w) of nanoparticles. Mechanical properties were combined with biological functionality scaffolds made by electrospinning and 3D printing which resulted in controlling porosity (65-85%) and interconnecting pore networks resembling bone. Osteoblasts in vitro demonstrated increased adhesion and mineralization at higher proliferation rates (30-50%). Upregulation of genes associated with bone formation was observed in cells on scaffolds with nanoparticles. Animal studies showed increased bone growth, 60-80% new bone volume at the 8-12 week periods in comparison to control.
  • Conclusion: Research up until now has integrated bioactive nanoparticles in engineering scaffolds made of PLA and collagen, which substantially improves upon the previous designs in bone scaffold engineering and solves some of the major issues of the past polymer scaffolds. The PLA and collagen composites along with bioactive nanoparticles help create the scaffolds with the mechanical and biological functionalities coupled with optimal bioactive nanoparticles for bone regeneration. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles serve the biomechanical functions and also posses calcium and phosphate ions requisite for osteoconductivity and mineral deposition. Incorporation of nanoparticles permits scaffolds to undergo aggressive physiologic loading, providing a major and new bone ingrowth matrix along with bslow biodegradation to bone remodeling and scaffold endurance requirements. Continued work will focus on the functionalization of the surfaces to permit enzymatic degradation, controlled release of biological factors, and plug and play engineering of prototype systems to meet regulatory and clinical use. Forward, regulatory clearance and clinical scales of manufacture for new therapies will focus on the substantial benefits associated with preclinical studies in order to meet clinical trial standards. made of PLA collagen composite scaffolds bioactive nanoparticles Hydroxyapatite osteoconductivity nanoparticles ensures physiologic polymer bone loading and remodeling scaffolds PDF endurance Biodegradable balance scarce Polylactic Scarcity responsive collagen Hydroxyapatite creates intracellular scaffolds with optimal phosphate and bioactive osteoclast display particles multifunction composite cellular bone volumetric bud osteoconductivity scaffold in growth and collagen ingrowth.
  • Keywords: PLA/Collagen scaffolds, bioactive nanoparticles, bone tissue engineering, biomechanical properties