Generated immune responses and antibody-mediated immunity against COVID-19

Generated immune responses and antibody-mediated immunity against COVID-19
Ali salimi asl,^1,* Mohammad ali Vahidipour,² Faezeh Malekzadeh ,³ Amin Reza Nikpoor ,⁴ Shaghayegh KermaniNezhad,⁵ hossein abdollahi,⁶
1. Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
2. Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
3. Student Research Committee, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
4. Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Science, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
5. Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
6. Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Introduction: The humoral immune system block the virus by producing antibodies. Viral load varies at different stages of the disease, the viral RiboNucleic Acid(RNA) test is likely to provide a false-negative result at the beginning of the disease and, as a result, these individuals, due to being a carrier, can spread the disease . it is probable that serological tests can identify suspected individuals by measuring antibody responses and thereby control the spread of infection. This study aimed to fill the knowledge gap in the human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, which may contribute to identifying individuals with suspected COVID-19 to control the prevalence of the disease and to design an appropriate immunological intervention for the treatment, diagnosis, and development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against COVID-19.
Methods: Article selection were conducted through advanced search in science direct, Pubmed database and without time limit, using two keywords derived from MeSH (Covid-19 and Humoral immune) and limiting the search to keywords in the abstract. From the 58 available articles based on the content of the abstracts, 16 articles to Humoral immune in COVID-19 were selected. The articles were studied and key points of each were identified.
Results: All types of lymphocytes including B cells (CD19 +), T cells (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+), and NK cells (CD16+, CD56) reduce in severe cases of the disease, but in normal condition, they are close to normal status and they increase after treatment with corticosteroids and antivirals. There is less CD19+ B cell in COVID-19-induced pneumonia than in non-COVID-19- induced pneumonia. Studies have shown that indicating that antibodies can be detected to achieve the early detection of COVID-19. IgM is an indicator of the acute phase & IgG is an indicator of the chronic stage of the disease. IgG and NLR responses can be applied as a complementary tool to differentiate between severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients. The results obtained from a study revealed that IgG antibody levels were higher in female patients at 2 to 4 weeks after the onset of the disease than in males. In elderly patients, men report a higher mortality rate than women; female patients produce a more effective humoral response than men. Negative serological and positive molecular test results mean that individuals are infected but have not yet reached the phase of antibody production. Conversely, those who test positive on the serological test and negative on the molecular test may be at the recovery COVID-19 phase or inappropriate sample collection. Antibody detection kits have several advantages over RT-PCRs: they are time-saving techniques, do not require special equipment, they are simple to apply, they require minimal training, capability to perform this screening test for asymptomatic patients is another application of such tests. Furthermore, there are some false positives caused by the interference of developing other diseases such as autoimmune diseases and other infections as well. The results suggest that high levels of NAb are useful for viral clearness and elderly patient recovery. convalescent plasma(CP) may be effective but also increases the risk of developing antibody-dependent enhancement(ADE). ADE can interfere with vaccine efficacy since the vaccine may produce antibodies that cause the disease to be exacerbated.
Conclusion: In this study, humoral immune responses and antibody production program in patients with COVID-19 were reviewed. Given that the identification of individuals suspected of having SARS-CoV-2 infection is of great importance in terms of controlling the prevalence of the disease and it may help determining the immune stability due to antibodies after recovery; further extensive research is required. It can also develop a broader vision of vaccines stimulating the humoral immune system.
Keywords: Humoral immune, Antibody, Seropositive, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2