Introduction: abstract
Algae are simple plants that demonstrated diverse properties. They have different roles from the food chain step to the food preservation process. But one of their important roles is in the medical field as bacterial inhibitors. We try to present a brief review of this role of algae.
introduction
According to the world health organization, multi antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest issues for humans. The world wide spread of multi-antibiotic resistance and the decrease of the antibodies efficiency is a major concern for health care systems [17].
Nowadays infectious diseases within multi-antibiotic resistance organisms need more expensive and complex procedures and yet has higher mortality rate[20] responsible bacterias for these problems are increasing with their distribution, genetic heredity and their evolution [15].
The decrease of hope in microbial sources demands an investigation of novel sources. And natural sources are more preferable because of their biodegradability and lesser side effects [14].
Algae and microalgae have shown promising potentials to produce compounds commonly achieved from biomass and in the other cases, they extracted from the medium.
Methods: 1. Algae
Algae has some special properties such as photosynthesis with chlorophyll and living in a single or multi-cellular way. They also divided into two major groups: 1) macroalgae, 2) microalgae.
1.1 Microalgae:
Microalgae are unicellular organisms that include prokaryotes and eukaryotes, live in fresh or saltwater and have a similar structure to bacteria but with photosynthesis require. The Microalgae antibiotic compounds are including terpenes, indoles, acetogenins, phenols, volatile halogenated hydrocarbons, and fatty acids [16, 66] which some of them applied in medical and pharmaceutical industries [36]. Spirulina is an effective Microalgae that has shown activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, measles virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1, and influenza virus [38].
Nostoc is another Microalgae that have been used as dietary supplements because of their protein, vitamin, and fatty acid content and in the medical field such as used as antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects like HIV and influenza A (H1N1)[92,98].
Chlorella is another famous microalgae that have shown antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in vitro. Also, Dunaliella has demonstrated antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant.[82,63]
Results: 1.2 other algae component
Algae chemical functional groups are used as drugs or inhibitors in the medical field as described in the following sections.
Algae polysaccharides have used as an oral drug. they have demonstrated broad-spectrum activity against HIV-1, HIV-2, HSV-1 and influenza viruses [26, 56].
Lectins are Algae’s protein group have used as blood protein regulation, carbohydrate-binding, cell adhesion, and immune defense for humans [65].they also used as bacterial growth inhibitor and food preservation[100,7].
13-octadeadienoic acid and cyclopentaneacetic acid are algae fatty acids which has Antibacterial properties [23].
Phlorotannins are the other algae compounds with Antibacterial properties by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation [54].
diterpene-benzoate bromophycolides are terpene algae compounds that demonstrated Antibacterial properties strongly [58].
Conclusion: Conclusion
Nowadays Antibacterial drug resistance is an important concept. Algae are available, potential agents for their diversity. Accordingly, there has been some research in this field that makes more concern to discover different algae efficiencies.