Introduction: Abstract
In these recent years, medicines and hormones released in the environment and aquatic systems are growing concern and because of the consumption continuity, the contaminant's expansion will have persistence. this review study the role of algae effects on the groups of medicines and hormones.
Introduction
The reports of water contaminants by concentrate on some classes of molecules includes quinolone antibiotics, steroid hormones and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs have shown us a considerable amount of pollution in aquatic systems. Hence we are tracking these groups fate removal by algae.
Methods: Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
A group of algae has a destructive role for anti-inflammatory drugs. Matamoros et al. (2015) used Chlorella sp., Stigeoclonium sp. (diatoms), and Monoraphidium sp., as two pilot high-rate algal ponds (HRAPs) to evaluating of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and seasonality impact as destructive factors of some contaminants. The results give the range of removal efficiency in which ibuprofen showed a 90% removal point and diclofenac showed a 40–60% removal point. The research showed that the algal biomass adsorption, biodegradation, and photolysis were Effective on HRAPs (Bell et al. 2013; Matamoros et al. 2015). the same group in another study announced about Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. As microalga under aerobic conditions to 99% of ibuprofen removed within 10 days. In this method ibuprofen was broken into two intermediates as carboxy-ibuprofen and hydroxy-ibuprofen (Matamoros et al. 2016).in another study using three different microalgae strains Chlorella Vulgaris, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Scenedesmus obliquus have used for diclofenac removal. this study showed that the removal rate is related to cell size , therefore the higher cell achieved a higher removal rate, accordingly, Scenedesmus obliquus for the large size was able to have higher removal point (Escapa et al. 2016). Ding et al. (2017) used naproxen on Scenedesmus quadricauda and Cymbella sp. .it was observed that both strains have high removal efficiency and both produce different by-products. Santaeufemia et al. 2018 used Phaeodactylum tricornutum as both dead and living cells for diclofenac removing. They have observed 99% removal achieved in both dead and alive cells (Santaeufemia et al. 2018).In another study, Hom-Diaz et al.,(2017) demonstrated using a 1200 L outdoor pilot-scale microalgal photobioreactor (PBR) has 98% and 69% removal efficiency on Ibuprofen and respectively(Tolboom et al. 2019).
Quinolone Antibiotics
Xiong et al. (2017a) used Chlamydomonas mexicana, Chlamydomonas pitschmannii, Chlorella vulgaris, Ourococcus multisporus, Micractinium resseri, and Tribonema aequale as different cultures to evaluate levofloxacin removal. They announced Chlorella vulgaris removed up to 12 of levofloxacin, and its efficiency has gotten better up to 80 in the presence of sodium chloride (1%) (Xiong et al. 2017b).in another study, the same group has demonstrated that levofloxacin removal by Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlamydomonas mexicana, Chlorella vulgaris, Ourococcus multisporus, Micractinium resseri was about 23%, 25%, 26%, 18%, 20%, and 26%, respectively (Xiong et al. 2017c). Xiong et al. (2017d) also announced Chlamydomonas mexicana has the efficiency to remove ciprofloxacin up to 13% but the result has gotten improved up to 32% in the presence of sodium acetate. they also announced the other co-substrate including Sodium, sodium acetate, sodium succinate, and glucose have important role in the removal process (Luo et al. 2008; Dawas-Massalha et al. 2014; Peng et al. 2014b; Reis et al. 2014). In another research, it has observed the HRAP’s photodegradation has the main role in ciprofloxacin removal whereas, in the absence of light the substrate got gathered on the biomass surface (Hom-Diaz et al. 2017). Xiong et al., (2017b) also observed ciprofloxacin removal by Chlorella sorokiniana in Bold's Basal Medium(Tolboom et al.2019)
Results: Hormones
Lai et al. (2002) announced that using Chlorella vulgaris has efficiency on estrogens (estradiol, estrone, estriol, hydroxyestrone, estradiol valerate, and ethinylestradiol) removal in the presence and absence of light, and observed 50 of estradiol was transformed to an unknown intermediate, a few of them degraded to estrone at presence of light but most of them had changed at the absence of light (Lai et al. 2002). Parladé et al. 2018 announced alga Chlorella in favorable condition has removed 17β-Estradiol up to 94% (Parladé et al. 2018).
Conclusion: Conclusion
In these years, Using algae as WWTPs has been the economical, convenient and environmentally friend strategy during different researches.