Introduction: Bioactive peptides have many physiological properties in the living organism. these are produced by enzymatic hydrolysis or fermentation by microorganisms. These peptides are inactive in proteins that are produced by proteolytic enzymes during digestion by hydrolysis of the protein with proteolytic enzymes or in the process of food production (such as cooking, ripening, and fermentation) [1-4]. Bioactive peptides have short sequences of (2-20) amino acids that, due to their small size, can be absorbed into the intestine and enter the bloodstream directly and apply their physiological functions [1]. The physiological functions of these peptides include antihypertensive, agonist or antagonist activity, immune modulators, antithrombotic, antioxidants, anticancer and antimicrobial activities, and so on. They can also be used as therapeutic and preventive agents for diseases (such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, etc.) due to their medicinal properties [1, 5]. These bioactive peptides can be used as compounds in functional foods or nutrients and thereby exert their numerous physiological functions [6]. The use of these natural food sources can reduce disease dependence and reduce medication adherence in addition to preventing disease and subsequently reducing health care costs [7]. One of the important properties of these bioactive peptides is the action of antihypertensive which is summarized below.
Antihypertensive
Hypertension is one of several pathogenic, the dangerous and leading causes of death in the world [8]. A healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition, and the use of whole grains and fibers, as well as their bioactive peptides, can have a significant role in reducing hypertensive disease [9, 10]. Antihypertensive peptides inhibit angiotensin I-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1; ACE), which increase blood pressure [11-14]. ACE is a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that cleaves the dipeptides from the C-terminal of the substrate. ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which increases hypertension and aldosterone and inactivates the lowering agent (bradykinin) [5, 15]. It also plays the role of vasoconstrictor in the release of sodium-retaining steroid, aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which tends to increase blood pressure [16]. Synthetic ACE inhibitors such as captopril (with sulfhydryl), lisinopril or enalapril (with carboxyl) and fosinopril (with phosphorus) are used to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction, such as myocardial infarction, such as myocardial infarction are cutaneous and angioedema [1, 17-20].
Oshima et al. (1979) reported that peptides produced from food proteins that were hydrolyzed by digestive proteases could have an inhibitory role on ACE [21]. Sources used to produce these bioactive peptides include milk, gelatin, maize, soybeans, barley, garlic, wheat, fish and fish waste, poultry and pork [1, 3]. These food-derived bioactive peptides have medicinal properties both in the treatment and prevention of hypertensive disease [22].
Methods: In this study, reviewing various articles on the role of food bioactive peptides in reducing blood pressure, the most important and up-to-date information was collected and presented as a review article.
Results: The results suggest that food bioactive peptide can inhibit the conversion angiotensin I to angiotensin II by inhibiting the ACE enzyme, thereby reducing blood pressure.
Conclusion: Bioactive peptides derived from dietary proteins can play an important role in human health in addition to their nutritional role. The use of these bioactive peptides in functional foods in addition to the therapeutic role can have a significant impact on the prevention of Cardiovascular disease. These bioactive peptides can be taken orally and in addition to the side effects of drugs used to treat these diseases. The nutrients available to produce these natural bioactive peptides are another of the many benefits of these compounds.