Introduction: Introduction: Despite significant advances in medical science, cancer remains one of the most important diseases of the present century and is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. Cancer is a large group of diseases in which cells lose their ability to divide and grow normally and destroy healthy tissues around them. From the cancer cells and the destruction of healthy tissue cells, a tumor is called a tumor. If the tumor is limited to a layer and does not spread to other tissues and organs, the tumor is benign (non-cancerous), However, if the tumor has the potential to spread to other tissues and organs, it is called malignant or cancerous tumors. Breast cancer is one of the most important health problems among women, which results in malignant and overly proliferating epithelial cells that cover the ducts in the breast.Considering the vital importance of this disease, present study reviewed the breast cancer, outbreak, types, classification, risk factors, genetic factors and treatment.
Methods: Material & methods: Articles related to the subject were searched on two sites of Science Direct and Google scholar, and 23 articles that examined the breast cancer, outbreak, types, classification, risk factors, genetic factors and treatment were included in the study.
Results: Result: Breast cancer is one of the most common diseases of women worldwide, and is the second cause of cancer-related death in women after lung cancer. Cancers are categorized as invasive and non-invasive. DCIS (Ductal Carcinoma In Situ) is the most common noninvasive breast cancer that is the growth of cancerous cells within the ducts and does not pass through the base membrane. Some tumours of this type of cancer quickly become invasive, while others remain unchanged. In the absence of timely treatment, more than 40% of DCIS becomes an invasive. There is currently no accurate prediction of which DCIS is likely to be converted to an invasive type. Cancer cells in LCIS (Lobular Carcinoma In Situ) originate from the mammary glands but do not spread to the wall outside the lobes. In people affected by this type of carcinoma, the risk of developing an invasive type is higher. The most common type of invasive breast cancer is IDC (invasive ductal carcinoma), and it contains 70 to 80 percent of the cases. Detection of this type of cancer is done by refusing other options. In this case, the cancer cells pass through the Ductal membrane to the breast tissue and can be transmitted through the blood and lymph to other tissues of the body and metastasize. The segmentation of invasive breast cancers is based on morphological manifestations of cancer under the optical microscope. The most common method for classifying invasive carcinomas is the histological grading system based on a set of structural and nuclear characteristics. Breast cancer is divided into several categories according to different designs and each one based on different criteria. These categorizations are examined from different aspects such as histologic, tumour type, tumor grade, tumour stage, expression of proteins and genes, as well as receptor status. Each of these aspects affects response to treatment and prognosis. The main cause of breast cancer is still not well known, and in fact some of the known risk factors can only explain a small proportion of cancer cases. About 10% -5% of breast cancer occurs inherently, which has specific clinical features than non-hereditary ones, and this percentage of breast cancer is associated with a strong autosomal recessive heritability. Variants of the CHEK2, PTEN, TP53, ATM, STK, CDH1, NBS1, RAD5, BRAP1 and palb2 genes are associated with high or moderate breast cancer risk. However, a small fraction of hereditary breast cancers can be justified with these varieties. In general, possible treatments for breast cancer include chemotherapy to kill cancer cells, radiation therapy to kill cancerous tissue and surgery to remove cancerous tissue. In recent years, methods such as Monoclonal anty body, Photodynamic therapy and Angiogenesis inhibitoss have also been used to treat breast cancer.
Conclusion: Conclusion: According to available studies, further studies are needed to understand the exact mechanism of this disease.