Introduction: Introduction: Microfilaments, or actin filaments, are filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form part of the cellular skeleton and are primarily made up of actin polymers, but they interact with a number of other proteins in cells. Microfilaments usually have 7 nanometers in diameter and contain two strands of actin. The roles of microfilaments in the cell is as follows: cytokines, amoeboid movement and cellular mobility, cell deformation, endocytosis and exocytosis, cellular contraction and mechanical stability. The actin chain network is very dynamic in non-muscle cells. The actinic filaments network is arranged using any of the filaments attached to the cellular membrane using filament elongation engines, Actooclampins composed of a laced string and a clamping protein (formins, VASP, Mena, WASP, and N-WASP). The main domain of these filaments engines is the profile-actin-ATP complex, which is transmitted directly to the ends of the filaments. The ends of each filament are oriented toward the inside of the cell. In the case of lamellipodial growth, the Arp2 / 3 complex creates a branching network and in filopodia, a parallel array of filaments is formed. The Arp2 / 3 complex was identified in 1994, then named in the species Acanthamoeba castellanii by chromatography. Considering the vital importance of this protein complex, this study reviewed the Arp2 / 3 complex, cellular application, actin polymerization mechanism and related proteins.
Methods: Material & methods: Articles related to the subject were searched on two sites of Science Direct and Google scholar, and 23 articles that examined the Arp2 / 3 complex, cellular functions, actin polymerization mechanism, its related proteins were included in the study.
Results: Result: The Arp2 / 3 complex plays an important role in the regulation of actin cytoskeletons. This complex is an essential component of actin cytoskeletal cells and is present in most eukaryotic cells containing activated cytotoxic cells. The two sub-sets, the protein bound to actin ARP2 and ARP3, are very similar to the actin monomer structure and act as nucleotide sites for new actin filaments. The Arp2 / 3 complex consists of seven subunits: Arp2 / ACTR2, Arp3 / ACTR3, p41 / ARPC1A and B, p34 / ARPC2, p21 / ARPC3, p20 / ARPC4, p16 / ARPC5. Many actin-related molecules create free polar ends, without capping or separating existing filaments, and using them as nuclear actinic nuclei for polymerization. However, the Arp2 / 3 complex stimulates the polymerization of actin by creating a new nucleus. The core of actin is an early stage in the formation of actin filaments. The Arp2 / 3 nuclear activity is activated by members of the Wiskott-Aldrich family of proteins (WASP, N-WASP, WAVE, and WASH). The Arp2 / 3 complex is important in a variety of functional cells, including actin cytokines. The complex is found in cellular regions characterized by active actinic activity: In macrocytosis, it is used in the progressive edge of motion cells (lamellipodia), and in actin in the yeast. This complex is required for phagocytosis In mammals and Dictyostelium discoideum amoeba and contributes to the formation of cellular polarity and the migration of single-layer fibroblasts in a wound-healing model. In mammalian oocytes, the Arp2 / 3 complex interferes with the asymmetric division of the egg and the polar propagation of the body, leading to the failure of spindle migration (a unique feature of oocyte division) and cytokinesis. In addition, enteropathogenic organisms such as Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella use Arp2 / 3 complexes for vertical movements associated with actin polymerization. The Arp2 / 3 complex also regulates the intracellular movement of endosomes, lysosomes, pancreatic and mitochondrial vesicles. In addition, recent studies have shown that Arp2 / 3 complex is essential for the expansion of polar cells in plants. Arp2 / 3 mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana result in the abnormal organization of strands, which in turn affects the spread of secretions, intestinal cells, hypocotyl and root cells of the hair.
Conclusion: Conclusion: According to available studies, further studies are needed to understand the exact functions of this complex.