• Efficient electrochemical methods for the detection of dopamine in vivo
  • Ghazal Akbarian,1 Tayebe Baniasad Dashtabi,2 Zahra Mohammadi,3 Haniye Alishahi,4 Abed Ebrahimi,5,*
    1. Student Research Commite,Esfahan,University Of Medical Sciences, Esfahan,Iran
    2. Rafsanjan University Of Medical Sciences,Rafsanjan,Iran
    3. Qazvin,university of medical science, Qazvin, Iran
    4. Student Research Committee, Islamic Azad University of Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran
    5. Department of Operating Room, School of Allied Medical Sciences Bushehr University of Medical Sciences,Bushehr, Iran


  • Introduction: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate with each other or stimulate glandular or muscle cell responses. One of the important members of this family is dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine). It plays several important roles in the central nervous system, cardiovascular, renal and hormonal systems. Neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease show abnormal levels of dopamine. Due to the wide range of physiological and pathophysiological effects of dopamine, accurate the measurement of dopamine and its metabolites in biological systems is of great clinical importance. Dopamine detection in blood or urine samples is usually done in specialized laboratories using methods such as ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) as well as other spectroscopic, fluorescence, colorimetric and electrochemical methods. Electrochemical methods have been proposed due to relatively high response speed, high sensitivity, specificity and the use of relatively simple and inexpensive equipment. Nanoparticles are usually used for electrochemical analysis. Nanoparticles have distinct physical and chemical properties that make them uniquely suitable for the development of advanced electrochemical sensors. In this context, the main goal of this work is the effective detection of dopamine based on electrochemical methods.
  • Methods: Search method: In this systematic review, we collected the data we needed by using keywords and also by referring to reliable databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and ProQuest. The statistical population of this study includes all studies conducted until 2022. After reviewing relevant findings and evaluating data quality, we analyzed 15 articles.
  • Results: A wide variety of electrode materials have been proposed to increase the selectivity of dopamine detection. More important recent examples include: the use of tyrosinase-based biosensors for the detection of phenolic compounds, including dopamine, consisting of a carbon fiber microelectrode coated with a biocatalytic layer containing tyrosinase in a chitosan biopolymer matrix. - Carbon fiber microelectrodes in the presence and absence of metal oxide using a chitosan composite mixture shown as a stabilization matrix, electrochemical sensor based on ZnO that oxide nanoparticles on the glass surface of the carbon electrode taken in ambient conditions. Cyclic voltammograms responded to dopamine in the absence and presence of metal oxides. However, in the absence of metal oxides, a slight increase in dopamine depletion current, while the response of the implantable enzyme-based biosensor to induced dopamine production in the rat brain indicates that the sensor works effectively and that the materials used in The sensor fabrication and the enzyme/electrochemical coupling process of dopamine detection make this sensor a good candidate for use as an implantable sensor. However, higher amounts of enzyme do not improve the performance of the biosensor. Higher enzyme concentrations may have saturated the surface of the existing microelectrode and changed the diffusion and permeability characteristics of the layer, making less enzyme accessible to the substrate or carbon fiber to the reaction product.
  • Conclusion: The implantable enzyme-based biosensor using a natural chitosan biopolymer and a mixture of ceria/titania-based metal oxide nanoparticles has several unique features such as the recovery of the reaction product by an enzymatic/electrochemical method. The recycling process minimizes electrode deactivation. In addition, the electrode materials are biocompatible. While tyrosinase-based biosensors for dopamine described to date are characterized by detection limits in the micromolar range and relatively large electrode sizes. In addition, their use in vivo has not been demonstrated. It should be noted that this issue needs more studies.
  • Keywords: dopamine, Nanoparticles, Biosensors, Electrochemical detection