Nanomedicine based strategies for managing leishmaniasis
Nanomedicine based strategies for managing leishmaniasis
haniye jahangiri,1elham yousefi,2Mohammadreza nazariyan,3Samantha minakhani,4Melika zare,5,*
1. Student research committee, babol University of sciences, babol, iran 2. Student research committee, babol University of sciences, babol, iran 3. Student research committee, jundishapur University of medical sciences, ahvaz,iran 4. Tabriz University of medical sciences, zanjan, iran 5. Faculty of paramedicine ,department of medicine,shahrekord University of Iran,shahrekord, iran
Introduction: Leishmaniasis, a tropical disease, is an ecting around 12 million people and 350 million people are under the risk of infection in 98 developing countries. Leishmaniasis has recently earned more attention due to its infection and morbidity rate. The obligate protozoan parasite Leishmania species causes leishmaniasis. There are almost 51 species of parasites, out of which 21 are cause Leishmaniasis. The disease comprises 3 groups namely visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL); CL has the most prevalent rate. Nanotechnology is effective treatment for protozoan infections. Nanocarriers can penetrate the macrophages’ cells and reach the infectious parasite, enabling targeted delivery. A group of nanocarriers serve as a method of enhancing ecacy, regulating pharmacokinetics, and reduced drug toxicity with sustained release of the drug. One of the reasons for progress in the field of pharmacology is nanotechnology. In this review, an attempt has been made to compile based on the combination of nanomedicines and nanotechnology with emphasis on the use of different techniques in nano dimensions and recent reports on the treatment of leishmaniasis.
Methods: In this review article, the required data was collected by using keywords, referring to reliable databases such as ProQuest, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar. Our statistical population consists of all studies conducted until 2022.
Results: In order to treat or increase drug delivery in CL, the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanostructure by extract of natural sweetener (Stevia) from nanosilver and nanogold has been used. In anti-leishmania treatments, nano DDS based formulations are an advanced approach. The killed parasite has been used as an antigenic component to produce Leishmania immunization vaccine, but its efficiency was low. Delivery of AMB via NLCs is preferable to the use of amphotericin B alone. Nanotubes are actually excellent nanocarriers. In a study, the antileishmanial effect of AmB associated with carbon nanotubes has been investigated. The researchers found that this formulation performed better targeted killing of L. donovani than free AmB. Functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) are lesson the drug-induced toxicity and inhibit parasite growth. In single and triple doses of SODB1 nanoparticles, IgG2a and IgG2a/IgG1 were significantly higher than the other groups(p<0.05), which shows the efficiency of chitosan nanoparticles in developing a nano vaccine for leishmaniasis. MSNPs aided in the healing of skin lesions when applied topically daily for 21 d. MSNPs treated CL better than Pentos tam and CNPs. Finally, MSNPs synthesized by C. molmol have the potential to be considered as a nanotherapeutic approach against leishmaniasis.
Conclusion: Chemotherapeutic drugs are expensive and the parasite has developed resistance against them. To prevent leishmaniasis, there is no effective vaccine available to society. In the treatment of Leishmania, peptide vaccine can be considered a promising approach, which is associated with challenges such as degradation by the immune system. The most cost-effective drug currently in the treatment of leishmaniasis is AmB. Many researches show that the factors that have a potential effect in the treatment of Leishmania can be carbon nanotubes, PLGA nanoparticles, liposomes and SLNs. The mentioned cases increase the targeted drug delivery of the parasite. However, more studies are needed to produce effective drugs at a low cost. Nano vaccines are emerging as a novel approach to the methodology of vaccination, having shown promising results in inducing both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.