Differential Effects of Graphene Materials on Human Skin Cell Metabolism and Function
Differential Effects of Graphene Materials on Human Skin Cell Metabolism and Function
Mahsa Hatmi,1Moein Sheikh Ahmad Saffari,2Sina Janbozorgi,3Mehrdad hassani ghoraba,4Abed Ebrahimi,5,*
1. Student Research Committee, Department of nursing and midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 2. Meybod Nursing School, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 3. Student Research Committee, Department of nursing and midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 4. Department of nursing, Gonabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gonabad, Iran. 5. Department of Operating Room, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
Introduction: In recent years, Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) have attracted attention for their promising applications in biomedical. Adequate information is lacking despite rapid progress in the development of new applications about how GRMs (graphene-related materials) could affect human health, particularly regarding such highly exposed barriers as skin. In this review study we aimed to provide a general overview about Differential effects of graphene materials on the human skin cells.
Methods: In this systematic review, we collected the data we needed by using keywords and also by referring to reliable databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and ProQuest. The statistical populatio n of this study includes all studies conducted until 2022. After reviewing relevant findings and evaluating data quality, we analyzed 15 articles.
Results: Considering the potential cutaneous effect of carbon nanomaterials, researchers evaluated the in vitro effects of GBMs on human skin HaCaT keratinocytes, a spontaneously immortalized non-tumor cell line, which is used to evaluate the toxicity of several compounds at the skin level. Over the past decade, sublethal doses of GRM have been shown to induce neitherapoptosis or necrosis can have a deleterious effect on human cells by altering cellular metabolism and homeostasis. After dermal exposure, the toxic effects of GBMs remain unknown. Skin contact with carbon nanomaterials such as graphite is associated with more skin problems. Graphene oxide (GO) is more useful than other GRMs because it is soluble in water. Previous studies have explained how GO induces cytotoxicity through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). This causes the intrinsic apoptosis pathway (mitochondria) to be activated and also causes necrosis. According to the evidence, FLG in high concentrations interacts with HaCaT keratinocytes in causing significant damage to mitochondria as well as altering the plasma membrane. The different physicochemical properties of GBMs, like their composition used for their production could ultimately influence their interaction with cells and their cytotoxicity. Using the mitochondrial activity of HaCaT cells, the effect of GOs and FLG on cell survival after exposure (24 to 72 h) was evaluated. Considering that FLG is significantly less in reducing mitochondrial activity than GO3, it can be said that the oxidation state of the substance affects the cytotoxic potential. It seems that, contrary to the absence of anti-proliferative properties, the effect of GOs and FLG on HaCaT cells indicates a significant damage in the plasma membrane levels. Data report that long-term exposure to low GBMs concentration induces only slight cytotoxic effects. According to previous studies, different GRMs can stimulate cytotoxicity and cause necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy. All these processes are related to cellular stress.
Conclusion: In limited time, GO and FLG had different effects on cell death. Both compounds reduced cell motility to a similar extent in a dose-dependent manner. Since actin remodeling and cell migration are impaired by treatment with free GRMs, results suggest that processes like wound healing could be compromised. In new scaffolds, one of the promising candidates is graphene foam, which plays a role in skin tissue regeneration and, bioengineering and it is therefore essential to understand the mechanisms governing its toxic effects and to determine the exact toxicity range for each GRM to choose the best one for each specific need with the least damages, besides that we can create different low and high oxygen graphene for different uses.