Nanodelivery applications in the management of Alzheimer`s disease
Nanodelivery applications in the management of Alzheimer`s disease
Elahe Mardani,1Zeinab Sadat Jalali,2,*Mahya Ahmadpour,3Sayna Mirzaheidari,4Zahra Sanei,5Fateme Belghadr,6
1. Student research committee, Isfahan university of medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2. Student research committee, Jahrom university of medical sciences, Jahrom, Iran 3. Student research committee, Tabriz university of medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran 4. Student research committee, Ardebil university of medical sciences, Ardebil, Iran 5. Student research committee, Mazandaran university of medical sciences, Mazandaran, Iran 6. Student research committee, Mashhad university of medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by an age-related progressive loss of brain neurons. Bringing neuropsychiatric and cognitive alternations and impaired behavior, AD is the most common cause of dementia, affects 50 million people worldwide each year, and places a tremendous burden on the medical community. Nanomaterials are microscopic particles with at least one dimension less than 100 nm. Having the advantage of a huge specific surface area for loading large amounts of drug and protecting the drug from enzymatic degradation, they improve drug stability and potency. Since conventional drug delivery systems cannot provide actual recovery in AD by sufficient resilience to the cellular architecture and critical connections, our aim in this study is to investigate the applications of nano delivery in the management of Alzheimer's disease.
Methods: This study is a systematic review with the keywords: Alzheimer`s disease, Nanomedicine, Nanostructures. Reliable scientific databases, and sites, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, Sid was conducted till 2022 and 17 articles related to the research selected.
Results: Regarding the multifactorial nature of Alzheimer`s disease, numerous clinical data suggest that AD patients have severe impairment of the cholinergic neurotransmitter system, possibly due to suppression of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase (Ache) activity and activation of the glutamatergic system increase. Accordingly, researchers have developed several approved drugs such as tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, glutamine (Ache inhibitor), and memantine (N-methyl D-aspartate, NMDA, receptor antagonist). Although these drug candidates have been successful in preclinical trials, they have not shown the expected efficacy in human trials. Possible reasons for this failure are poor pharmacokinetics or low bioavailability and chemical properties (absorption across the biological blood-brain barrier) in biological systems. Drug-filled nanomaterials can travel through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and can be targeted to accumulate in damaged cells and tissues but not in normal cells and tissues, after modifying the surface molecules, thereby increasing target specificity and reducing off-target effects. Liposomes, dendrimers, micelles, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, etc., are some of the nanoformulations used in efficient drug delivery. Besides, using phytochemicals_ such as quercetin, catechin, myricetin, anthocyanins, ferulic acid, tannins, resveratrol, curcumin, turmeric, and dietary lipids_ combined with nanotechnology enhances the therapeutic effect.
Conclusion: Nanomaterials are nano-sized materials capable of drug delivery, surpassing BBB, denaturable, non-toxic, non-reactive with high affinity for the target, and potentially high efficiency. Thus, nanoencapsulation of drugs is a promising biocompatible strategy for the management of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.