kimiya mohammadpour,1,*Zahra Rezvani,2
1. Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, Kashan University, Kashan ,Iran 2. Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, Kashan University, Kashan ,Iran
Introduction: Enzymes are important in therapeutic and commercial procedures because they accelerate a chemical reaction to produce a useful effect or product. The total number of pharmaceutical enzymes used worldwide is probably more than 3000 enzymes, counting tens of thousands of formulations containing different combinations of these substances. Most of the industrial enzymes, including the enzymes used in the pharmaceutical industry, are produced by fermentation of suitable microbial strains, mainly bacteria and fungi, due to their easy handling, fast growth rate, and appropriate scale in large vessels. Enzymes used as drugs have 2 important features that distinguish them from conventional drugs.
1) Unlike drugs, they bind and act on their targets with high affinity.
2) are highly specific and act as catalysts to convert multiple target molecules into desired products.
These two properties turn enzymes into special and powerful drugs that can perform biochemical treatment in the body that the synthetic active ingredient cannot do. Several enzymes are used to prevent and treat common diseases such as heart attack and stroke, for example, collagenase enzyme is used to heal burn wounds and chondroitinase enzyme is used to treat spinal cord injury. Lysosomes are naturally used as an antibacterial agent in foods and consumer products, due to their ability to break the carbohydrate chains in the bacterial wall. It has also been shown that they have anti-HIV activities because they have RNaseA and RNaseU and selectively destroy viral RNAs, and they have presented exciting possibilities in the treatment of HIV infection.
Methods: Chemical immobilization of proteins and enzymes was first performed in the 1960s and is an emerging approach for new drug therapies. Immobility means enzymes that have limited mobility or become less mobile due to chemical or physical treatment. The industrial use of enzymes is very limited, because they are very unstable, have a high purification cost, and after the completion of the catalytic process, they have a laborious process of recovering the active enzyme from the reaction mixture. Immobilized enzymes are more stable against pH, temperature stress and are less sensitive to denaturing agents. In addition, an immobilized (immobilized) enzyme should have long-term stability and unchanged biological activity and sensitivity compared to the free enzyme after binding to the matrix if used as a therapeutic target. Immobilization was used for studies with enzymes such as cytochrome P-450, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, glutathione S-transferases, S-methyltransferases and N-acetyltransferases.
Results: New strategies for the synthesis and stabilization of new enzymes are constantly emerging to increase their role and efficiency for the treatment of various diseases. In particular, recent advances in biocatalysis combined with novel process engineering have provided improved methods for the production of valuable chemical intermediates.
Conclusion: Enzymes with antioxidant properties are still an intensive research area in the pharmaceutical industry. Superoxide desmutase, which converts highly toxic superoxide anion into relatively toxic hydrogen peroxide, has been of interest to the pharmaceutical industry for some time and is still under research. Advances in biotechnology in the last 10 years have allowed pharmaceutical companies to produce safer and cheaper enzymes with high potency and specificity. Recently, the identification of drug activities based on the understanding of how enzymes work at the molecular level has enabled the industry to discover new classes of successful drugs. Along with these advances, changes in orphan drug laws and new initiatives adopted by the FDA, the United States has been instrumental in facilitating enzyme drug development efforts.