Application of mesenchymal stromal cells in osteoarthritis
Application of mesenchymal stromal cells in osteoarthritis
Fatemeh Mohajer,1Fatemeh Madadi,2Zohreh Farrar,3Niloofar Dehghan,4Tuba Zendehboudi,5Neda Baghban,6,*
1. The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran 2. Student Research and Technology Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran 3. The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran 4. The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran 5. The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran 6. The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
Introduction: In today's modern and machine world, humans are exposed to various disorders and bone tissue injuries. A high percentage of elderly people suffer from osteoarthritis (OA), a common chronic disease affecting the joints with erosion of articular cartilage, inflammation of the synovium, and resorption of the underlying subchondral bone that resulting persistent pain and disability and high costs to society. Current treatments for OA are largely limited to analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs that only provide symptom relief. Orthopaedics tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and tendon, involve cells that are difficult to culture and grow in vitro for reconstruction of damaged tissues. Recently, developments in stem cell research has have to exciting attempts to use stem cells for orthopaedics tissue regeneration owning to their potential to regenerate tissues without producing scar tissue that is generally associated with healing processes.
Methods: In the current review study, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched to find relevant articles. The search was conducted in English and the words searched included bone, bone regeneration, joint diseases, osteoarthritis, mesenchymal stromal cells, orthopaedics and stem cell.
Results: Pre-clinical experiments and clinical trials have demonstrated that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) related therapy is a promising option for the treatment of cartilage lesions and OA owning to their potential to differentiate to both bone and cartilage. In this regard, pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that the cartilage of the joint can be protected from degeneration, and the development of OA can be delayed through intra-articular injection of MSCs isolated either from adipose tissue or from bone marrow and some clinical trials have shown decreases in inflammation and pain. In general, MSC related therapies for cartilage lesions and OA include tissue engineering of MSC transplantation, scaffold-free injection of stem cells and cell-free injection of exosomes into the injured joints.
MSCs act through multiple pathways: (1) as “trophic” cells, secreting various factors that are immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, proangiogenic, proliferative, and chemo attractive; (2) in conjunction with cells native to the tissue they reside in to enhance differentiation of surrounding cells to facilitate tissue regrowth. Moreover, exosomes are a kind of soluble biological mediator isolated from MSCs culture media in vitro. MSC-derived exosomes could protect cartilage and bone from degradation in OA. Furthermore, it has been exhibited that MSC-derived exosomes could attenuate OA by stimulation of chondrocyte migration and proliferation.
Conclusion: The stem cell-based strategies as a promising therapy will ultimately lead to the repair of injured or damaged joints. Among different types of therapies, MSC therapy for OA could be a safer, cheaper and a more efficient therapy modality that provide exciting and promising strategies for repairing bone, curtilage, tendon and other tissues.