Introduction: Abstract
Learning about different types of viruses is very important today because of the prevalence of the unknown Coronavirus in today's world, this issue is even more important. Viruses have mutations that may be good or bad. The mutation rates of DNA viruses approximate those of eukaryotic. And the mutation of RNA viruses is higher. Viruses can create new organisms and species with their mutations, such as the Coronavirus in Brazil, which has created new species with its mutations. We need to prevent viruses from mutating so that new and more dangerous species are not produced than the previous virus. Viruses cannot be completely eradicated and directly destroyed, so it is vital for us to eradicate harmful viruses by producing vaccines. In this article, we understand that life is not possible without viruses. It should be noted that we can use other sciences such as physics to eliminate harmful viruses. In this world, we also have plant viruses that we must control. Failure to control them will lead to the destruction of all plants and consequently the destruction of the most important food source of humans. Viral mutations can produce new organisms, which can be very dangerous if we do not think about them. We will look at some of the ways to treat and combat viruses. This article is written just to get enough information about what has been said to make life a little easier in today's world of viruses.
Methods: 1Accurate Detection of Viruses
1.1. Types of viruses
Today, we are witnessing the emergence of viruses in the world that have made scientists unsure of their previous and complete information about the types of viruses and continue to search for information about them. We look at most of the viruses that have been discovered to date. We have three categories of viruses. The first of them is Helical, the virus consists of nucleic acid enveloped by a hollow protein cylinder or capsid that has a helical shape, for instance, the Tobacco mosaic virus.
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The second is the Envelope, the virus is covered with a modified section of the cell membrane, a protective lipid envelope, for example, Influenza and HIV.
The third is Icosahedral, the virus is nearly spherical in shape, for example, most animal viruses.
Viruses are composed of RNA or DNA and have a coat of protein, lipid (fat), or glycoprotein. Parasitic can not replicate without a host. They are the most abundant biological form of life on the planet and can not be cured, but a vaccination can prevent their spread.
1.2. The cost of deadly virus infections
Over many centuries and even millennia, infection diseases such as smallpox and measles have claimed millions of lives. Advances in modern medicine have helped to stop the spread of many viral infections through mass vaccination, and some infections have been completely eradicated. The Rabies virus has more than 100 rabies-related human deaths annually in the early 1900s and only one or two rabies-related human fatalities per year today. The virus of Measles was 120 cases in 2017 and before the vaccine developed in 1963, 3 to 4 million people were infected annually,
resulting in 400 to 500 deaths each year. The Hepatitis virus new cases in 2017: hepatitis A: 3365. hepatitis B: 3409. hepatitis C: 4225. 5611 deaths in 2017. The Smallpox virus killed 3 in 10 infected individuals before a vaccine was developed and Eradicated in 1980 through vaccinations. The Chickenpox virus, in the early 1990s, 4 million people were infected annually, resulting in 100 to 150 deaths each year. The HIV virus, in 2017: 1.1 million Americans had HIV, 14% were unaware they had HIV and 38000 new HIV infections occur every year. The Flu virus: 55672 annual cases in 2017. 6515 annual deaths. The Poliovirus, in the 1940s, crippled more than 35000 people every year and caused more than 15000 cases of paralysis annually and no cases originating in the United States since 1979. The Coronavirus (Covid-19), declared a pandemic on March 12, 2020, by the World Health Organization (WHO). Most at risk: elderly individuals and those with underlying conditions
2. Mutations of Viruses
2.1. Mutation Rates and Outcomes
The mutation rates of DNA viruses approximate those of eukaryotic cells, yielding in theory one mutant virus in several hundred to many thousand genome copies. RNA viruses have much higher mutation rates, perhaps one mutation per virus genome copy. Mutations can be deleterious, neutral, or occasionally favorable. Only mutations that do not interfere with essential virus functions can persist in a virus population.
2.2. Phenotypic Variation by Mutations
Mutations can produce viruses with new antigenic determinants. The appearance of an antigenically novel virus through mutation is called antigenic drift. Antigenically altered viruses may be able to cause disease in previously resistant or immune hosts.
2.3. Vaccine Strains from Mutations
Mutations can produce viruses with a reduced pathogenicity, altered host range, or altered target cell specificity but with intact antigenicity. Such viruses can sometimes be used as vaccine strains.
2.4. Mutations in Bacterial Viruses
Genetic structure of viruses. It is interesting that so far the use of this method has only served to confirm inferences drawn from the study of patterns of spontaneous mutation. If it may be assumed that there is anything in common in the transformation of pneumococcal types (I), the fibroma-myxoma transformation (4), the induced mutations with respect to lysis-inhibition in bacterial viruses (Delbriick, this Symposium), it now appears for the first time that a biological phenomenon of general importance is involved. In the bacterial virus, three genetic factors chosen more or less at random for the test all appear to be transmissible from one viral particle to another. In view of the generality of this phenomenon, it will be surprising not to find that some counterpart to it already exists among the more familiar genetic mechanisms. Among the viruses, it is clear that it provides an additional mechanism for the production of new biotypes.
2.5. New viruses and species
Researchers say all viruses will mutate, and Corona is no exception. Most of the time, the change in the virus is either ineffective or increases its spread, or the new species gradually disappears, and in some cases, they may become more dangerous. Experts are currently focusing on a small number of new strains of the coronavirus: one strain in the United Kingdom that has become the dominant strain and spread to more than 50 other countries, one strain in South Africa in at least 20 other countries. Found, including in the UK, a new strain in Brazil. Professor Sharon Peacock, head of the British Genetic Surveillance Program, predicted that the coronavirus, first found in southeastern Kent, could become the dominant virus in the world. The coronavirus was first identified in September 2020 in southeastern Britain in the Kent area, and its rapid spread in the following months prompted the country to impose new restrictions. It is thought that English, South African, and Brazilian species may have a much higher rate of transmission than other types of the virus. The spike protein has been altered by all three types, the part of the virus that attaches to human cells. As a result, it seems that these species are more likely to infect and spread cells in the body. Mutations in coronavirus horn protein have caused concern because some vaccines are based on cloning. What are the characteristics of the new Kent virus? The Kent virus was first seen in southern Britain in September last year, mainly due to an increase in the number of positive coronary tests at the time in London, the southeast, and the east of England. Three factors drew attention to this new strain of the virus: It is rapidly replacing other types of viruses, It has mutations that affect the part of the virus that can be important and some of these mutations have already been shown in the laboratory to increase the virus' ability to infect cells. All of these factors give rise to a virus that can spread easily. However, experts say that so far there is no evidence that the virus is more dangerous. It was a year ago that the world became aware of the corona و virus, and the first cases of the disease were observed in a live animal market in Wuhan, China. Since then, the virus has had at least two mutations almost every month. If we compare today's virus with the original virus in Wuhan, China, they differ by at least 25 mutations.
2.6. How quickly do variants emerge?
In fact, first, viruses have a mutation rate that's much, much higher than humans or other animals, and they replicate at a rate that's really, really fast. So in other words, one virus-infected cell makes 100,000 copies of itself, and all those copies can go out and start replicating. So mutations occur randomly, but because the virus replicates at such a fast rate, we also accumulate mutations really fast. But again, it's important to note that while mutations occur randomly, most of those mutations either do nothing to change how a virus behaves or they're detrimental. Over the first year of the pandemic, we saw a lot of these mutations popping up that were allowing us to track the virus. We could say that a certain mutation occurred in England in this month and that virus strain started to spread. And we could trace back where viruses came from based on these unique mutations, but none of them really changed the way the virus itself replicated. It's only now that we're getting into some of these variants that are changing the way the virus behaves in the population. And again, that's just a really small set of all the mutations that accumulate in these viruses.
2.7. Is it possible to prevent a virus from mutating?
Well, we can't prevent the virus from mutating, but what we can do is limit the virus's spread, and in that way, we reduce the chances that a mutation can emerge that is going to help the virus infect humans better. Say, for example, it's a one in a million chance that a mutation will be advantageous to the virus. If we let the virus replicate itself 900,000 times, odds are that the advantageous mutation will occur. But if we limit the overall replication of the virus to 1,000 times, then it's much less likely that the random advantageous mutation is going to occur. And that's where public health interventions really help us a lot during this pandemic—by reducing the total amount of virus replication and therefore reducing the chances that the virus can improve or adapt.
2.8. Impact of Pollution on Seasonal Respiratory Viruses
Though meteorological data are regularly considered as influencing virus seasonality, there is much more debate about the importance of air pollution. Both indoor and outdoor air pollution may be important, and many of the same components (e.g., particulate matter (PM)) are found in both indoor and outdoor environments. Pollution variables have been studied more in relation to magnification and perturbation of seasonal disease than as causative agents. There is a body of research on the subject that is well-reviewed by Ciencewicki and Jaspers. Part of the problem with tying air pollution with infectious disease is that investigations of pollution have revealed conflicting results when looking at different cities, regions, and pollutants. The question as to whether air pollution itself shows seasonal variation is dependent on different pollutants and regions. SO2, for example, exhibits seasonality in the northern part of the United States, but not in the south. The most heavily investigated pollutants in relation to infectious disease epidemiology are ozone, SO2, NO2, and PM. The results of these studies are somewhat mixed depending on whether they are looking at human populations, animal models, or cell lines. High ozone is suggested to initiate inflammation in the lung. There have been associations found between ozone levels and hospital admissions for influenza and pneumonia, though studies with mice have produced results suggesting that the effect of ozone on infection depends on exposure time and duration. Ozone may actually reduce morbidity from influenza when exposure occurs after infection. Rhinovirus has been interestingly found to enhance the influence of ozone on the immune system, resulting in elevated levels of IL-8. The effect of PM on respiratory infection also seems to be linked to the immune response. Increased morbidity in mouse models of RSV have been found when they are exposed to fine black carbon. In several epidemiological studies, NO2 has been linked to increased infection susceptibility. Though untested, reinfection susceptibility, as well as susceptibility to initial infection, may be influenced by the effect of pollution on the immune system.61 The relationship between air pollution and seasonal virus transmission still leaves many questions, with conflicting studies as to the role of air pollutants on respiratory viral transmission and morbidity. Though other influences may be more directly responsible for the phenomenon of seasonality, local or regional disparities may be influenced by air pollution levels that also vary with seasons.
2.9. Human Behavior and Socioeconomics
Human seasonal behavior has often been cited as a strong reason for infectious disease seasonality. Examples of possible contributors include that individuals are indoors together more often during the winter and colder temperatures coincide with the beginning of the school year. Indeed these
may serve to increase the disease incidence in a seasonally dependent way, though as has already been discussed, the human behavior theories are not currently considered primary causes. To make things even more complicated, it is possible that the factors associated with childhood and adulthood influenza epidemics may actually be separate. A study of transmission suggests that childhood influenza travels through the school system while adult influenza is spread more through work commuting and travel. Children are considered more socially connected than adults because of the school system and are therefore also suggested to be more susceptible to the first season of a new influenza. Therefore, epidemics within a single season or across multiple seasons can shift from children to adults as the more connected children develop immunity. There have been several studies of the association of individual risk factors, such as socioeconomic status, with risk of becoming infected. Most of these conclude that lower socioeconomic status increases risk of infection. Of course socioeconomic status itself is not causative, but rather factors associated with it such as smoking and lower vaccination in underserved populations combine to increase rates in these areas. On a local level, this may in fact be very important in determining how epidemics travel in the presence of favorable climatic factors. On a larger scale, human travel is important in the worldwide and nationwide diffusion of seasonal disease. Transportation hubs and more densely populated areas are more likely to serve as epidemic centers. California is frequently the source of the annual epidemic in the United States due to its high population and possibly because of the large volume of air traffic from the Pacific and to other areas of the country. New England states are usually affected later in the season. In simulations, epidemics that begin in areas with low populations spread slowly and sporadically. A seasonal epidemic beginning in California, however, exhibits very high synchrony that goes above and beyond what would be normally expected due to seasonal forces alone.
3. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us
As we learn more about the roles of viruses in the human virome, we may uncover more therapeutic possibilities. Alejandro Reyes of Washington University in St. Louis has shown that phages in mice can shape the rodents' bacterial communities, although we are not sure what changes first: the viruses or the bacteria. If the viral communities change first, they can sculpt the bacterial communities to serve them. If the bacterial communities change first, the viral communities are likely just adapting so they can infiltrate the reshaped bacteria. Researchers have shown that viromes can change significantly in periodontal disease and in inflammatory bowel diseases. Although it will take a long time for us to unravel the human virome, it is important to consider how far we have come in just 10 years. A decade ago many scientists thought of the microbiome as a kind of passive layer of tiny organisms inside the body, mostly in the gut. Now we know that although some parts of the microbiome are indeed stable, some parts are active and changing. And it is beginning to look like the most dynamic players are the viruses. A 2018 study of brain tissue donated by people who had died of Alzheimer's disease revealed high levels of herpesviruses. Then, in May 2020, investigators at Tufts University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who have developed brain-like tissue in the lab, infected their tissue with herpes simplex 1, and the tissue became full of amyloid plaque-like formations akin to those that riddle
the brains of people who have Alzheimer's. It is startling to realize that we could discover remarkable roles for old viruses. As we look deeper, we may find new categories of viruses that impact human health, as well as new ways to exploit viruses to manipulate our microbiome and protect us from disease. If we humans can figure out how to manage the bad viruses and exploit the good ones, we could help ourselves become stronger superorganisms.
4. Ways to Boost our Immune System
There are plenty of supplements and products in the grocery store that claim to help boost our immune system. But while it may sound like a no-brainer, boosting our immune system is actually much harder to accomplish than we might think — and for good reason. our immune system is incredibly complex. It has to be strong enough and sophisticated enough to fight off a variety of illnesses and infections, but not so strong that it overreacts unnecessarily — causing allergies and other autoimmune disorders to develop. To operate in such a delicate balance, our immune system is tightly controlled by a variety of inputs. But despite its complexity, there are everyday lifestyle habits we can focus on to help give our immune system what it needs to fight off an infection or illness. Here are five science-backed ways to ensure our immune system has everything it needs to function optimally, as well as why we shouldn't rely on supplements to boost our immune system.
4.1. Maintain a healthy diet
As with most things in our body, a healthy diet is a key to a strong immune system. This means making sure we eat plenty of vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats. In addition to providing our immune system the energy it needs, a healthy diet can help ensure we're getting sufficient amounts of the micronutrients that play a role in maintaining our immune system, including: Vitamin B6, found in chicken, salmon, tuna, bananas, green vegetables, and potatoes (with the skin). Vitamin C, found in citrus fruit, including oranges and strawberries, as well as tomatoes, broccoli, and spinach. Vitamin E, found in almonds, sunflower and safflower oil, sunflower seeds, peanut butter, and spinach. Since experts believe that our body absorbs vitamins more efficiently from dietary sources, rather than supplements, the best way to support our immune system is to eat a well-balanced diet.
4.2. Exercise regularly
Physical activity isn't just for building muscles and helping ourselves de-stress — it's also an important part of being healthy and supporting a healthy immune system. One of the ways that exercise may improve immune function is by boosting our overall circulation, making it easier for immune cells and other infection-fighting molecules to travel more easily throughout our body. In fact, studies have shown that engaging in as little as 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous exercise every day helps stimulate our immune system. This means it's important to focus on staying active and getting regular exercise.
4.3. Hydrate
Water plays many important roles in our body, including supporting our immune system. Fluid in our circulatory system called lymph, which carries important infection-fighting immune cells around our body, is largely made up of water. Being dehydrated slows down the movement of lymph, sometimes leading to an impaired immune system. Even if we're not exercising or sweating, we're constantly losing water through our breath, as well as through our urine and bowel movements. To help support your immune system, be sure we're replacing the water you lose with water we can use — which starts with knowing how much water you really need.
4.4. Get plenty of sleep
Sleep certainly doesn't feel like an active process, but there are plenty of important activities happening in our body when we're not awake — even if we don't realize it. For instance, important infection-fighting molecules are created while we sleep. Studies have shown that people who don't get enough quality sleep are more prone to getting sick after exposure to viruses, such as those that cause the common cold. To give our immune system the best chance to fight off infection and illness, it's important to know how much sleep we should be getting every night, as well as the steps to take if our sleep is suffering.
4.5. Minimize stress
Whether it comes on quick or builds over time, it's important to understand how stress affects our health — including the impact it has on our immune system. During a period of stress, particularly chronic stress that's frequent and long-lasting, our body responds by initiating stress response. This stress response, in turn, suppresses our immune system — increasing our chance of infection or illness. Stress is different for everyone, and how we relieve it is, too. Given the effect it can have on our health, it's important to know how to identify stress. And, whether it's deep breathing, mediation, prayer, or exercise, we should also get familiar with the activities that help us reduce stress.
4.6. One last word on supplements
There's no shortage of supplements claiming they can stimulate our immune system — but be wary of these promises. First thing's first, there's no evidence that supplements actually help improve our immune system or our chances of fighting off an infection or illness. In addition, unlike medications, supplements aren't regulated or approved by the FDA. For instance, if we think a megadose of vitamin C can help us keep from getting sick, think again. If we're looking for ways to help boost our immune system, consider keeping up with the lifestyle habits above, rather than relying on claims on a label.
5. Ways to treat the virus
5.1. How can we treat viruses?
There are a number of different methods that are available to treat certain viruses, for example, viruses such as measles and polio can be prevented using a vaccine. There are also a variety of other treatments such as antivirals used to treat patients with HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C. Despite this, the treatment of viral infections and the rise of antimicrobial resistance has proved a challenge,
therefore the development of novel therapeutics and techniques to help prevent transmission and ease the risk of global outbreaks has had a pivotal role in the world of microbiology. Reducing the transmission of disease depends on which methods need to be engaged. Improving basic hygiene measures by washing your hands, keeping surfaces clean, and using a tissue to sneeze into, can all help prevent the spread of disease. Other factors, such as ensuring that communities have adequate access to safe drinking water and sanitation can also improve the risk of an outbreak. The threat of new and emerging diseases is still prevalent, as we have seen with the recent SARS-Cov-2 outbreak, alongside zoonotic diseases and arboviruses. In order to treat viruses, we need to engage in ongoing research in order to develop a better understanding of them. That way we will be in a position to respond rapidly to new and re-emerging viral diseases.
6. Plant viruses
6.1. Effective methods in controlling plant viruses
Plant viruses cause considerable economic losses and are a threat for sustainable agriculture. The frequent emergence of new viral diseases is mainly due to international trade, climate change, and the ability of viruses for rapid evolution. Disease control is based on two strategies: i) immunization (genetic resistance obtained by plant breeding, plant transformation, cross-protection, or others), and ii) prophylaxis to restrain virus dispersion (using quarantine, certification, removal of infected plants, control of natural vectors, or other procedures). Disease management relies strongly on a fast and accurate identification of the causal agent. For known viruses, diagnosis consists in assigning a virus infecting a plant sample to a group of viruses sharing common characteristics, which is usually referred to as species. However, the specificity of diagnosis can also reach higher taxonomic levels, as genus or family, or lower levels, as strain or variant. Diagnostic procedures must be optimized for accuracy by detecting the maximum number of members within the group (sensitivity as the true positive rate) and distinguishing them from outgroup viruses (specificity as the true negative rate). This requires information on the genetic relationships within-group and with members of other groups. The influence of the genetic diversity of virus populations in diagnosis and disease management is well documented, but information on how to integrate the genetic diversity in the detection methods is still scarce. High-throughput or next-generation sequencing provides broad-spectrum and accurate identification of viruses enabling multiplex detection, quantification, and the discovery of new viruses. Likely, this technique will be the future standard in diagnostics as its cost will be dropping and becoming more affordable.
7. If all viruses disappeared, the world would be very different
Viruses seem to exist solely to wreak havoc on society and bring suffering to humanity. They have cost untold lives over the millennia, often knocking out significant chunks of the global population – from the 1918 influenza epidemic which killed 50 to 100 million people to the estimated 200 million who died from smallpox in the 20th Century alone. The current Covid-19 pandemic is just
one in a series of ongoing and never-ending deadly viral assaults. If given the choice to magically wave a wand and cause all viruses to disappear, most people would probably jump at that opportunity, especially now. Yet this would be a deadly mistake – deadlier, in fact, than any virus could ever be. “If all viruses suddenly disappeared, the world would be a wonderful place for about a day and a half, and then we’d all die – that’s the bottom line,” says Tony Goldberg, an epidemiologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. “All the essential things they do in the world far outweigh the bad things.” The vast majority of viruses are not pathogenic to humans, and many play integral roles in propping up ecosystems. Others maintain the health of individual organisms – everything from fungi and plants to insects and humans. “We live in a balance, in a perfect equilibrium”, and viruses are a part of that, says Susana Lopez Charretón, a virologist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. “I think we’d be done without viruses.” Most people are not aware of the role viruses play in supporting much of life on Earth, because we tend to focus only on the ones that cause humanity trouble. Nearly all virologists solely study pathogens; only recently have a few intrepid researchers begun investigating the viruses that keep us and the planet alive, rather than kill us. “It’s a small school of scientists who are trying to provide a fair and balanced view of the world of viruses, and to show that there are such things as good viruses,” Goldberg says. What scientists know for sure is that without viruses, life and the planet as we know it would cease to exist. And even if we wanted to, it would probably be impossible to annihilate every virus on Earth. But by imagining what the world would be like without viruses, we can better understand not only how integral they are to our survival, but also how much we still have to learn about them.
8. Using other sciences to kill viruses
researchers are using tools from the field of physics and other scientific disciplines to help better understand COVID-19. In Hamburg scientists are studying the elusive protein structures that enable coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, to take hold. They are trying to find out how they are able to replicate so rapidly inside human cells.
8.1. Producing proteins
The more they know about these proteins, the better chance there will be to develop treatments and vaccines. The first step seeks to produce proteins in different cell types. Researchers say the challenge is huge. "The proteins have to be produced in different cell types and some proteins can resist this process, explains Boris Krichel, a virologist at Heinrich Pette Institute, adding: "That's always a little difficult. These proteins then become too large or are modified. This is why you have to take certain cell types in order to get them in a way they can be studied. Despite the obstacles, scientists say the work they are doing is crucial. “The job of these proteins is to replicate the viral genome. If we know how the individual parts function and how they are put together, then we can use this knowledge to develop drugs that specifically stop these individual proteins,” says Krichel. "Ultraviolet lasers, mass spectrometry, protein structures, DNA, vaccine platforms. European researchers are leaving no stone unturned in the fight against COVID-19. Of course, this fundamental research gathers virologists, but it’s also bringing together physicists, chemists,
geneticists, and computer scientists, that could, according to many of them, soon start bearing fruit."
9. Who discovered the virus?
The history of virology – the scientific study of viruses and the infections they cause – began in the closing years of the 19th century. Although Louis Pasteur and Edward Jenner developed the first vaccines to protect against viral infections, they did not know that viruses existed. The first evidence of the existence of viruses came from experiments with filters that had pores small enough to retain bacteria. In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky used one of these filters to show that sap from a diseased tobacco plant remained infectious to healthy tobacco plants despite having been filtered. Martinus Beijerinck called the filtered, infectious substance a "virus" and this discovery is considered to be the beginning of virology. The subsequent discovery and partial characterization of bacteriophages by Frederick Twort and Félix d'Herelle further catalyzed the field, and by the early 20th century many viruses had been discovered. In 1926, Thomas Milton Rivers defined viruses as obligate parasites. Viruses were demonstrated to be particles, rather than fluid, by Wendell Meredith Stanley, and the invention of the electron microscope in 1931 allowed their complex structures to be visualized.
Results: Results
In the study, the types of viruses were examined in general and their types were fully described. Mutations in bacterial, RNA, and DNA viruses were also examined, and we found that new species of viruses may be produced using mutations. In the plant viruses mentioned, we found that the only way to deal with them is to control them, so we should not think about eliminating the viruses completely because we found that life without viruses is not possible. To reduce the effectiveness of viruses, we can strengthen our immune system and also use other science like physics to kill viruses, such as a number of scientists who are working hard in Hamburg. In this article, we could not find a cheap way to deal with viruses, because in the coming years, one of the most important human needs is a cheap way to deal with viruses. Also, we did not expect such a vast world of viruses and their processes, but we realized that the world of viruses is not only very large and vast, but human life would not be possible without them.
Conclusion: Conclusion
Identify Viruses With Their Mutations And Treat Them makes us examine the world of viruses more carefully and realize their pros and cons so that we can think about their useful uses in the future. Have you ever wondered why we only think about the evils of viruses? Why did we never think that if there was no virus, we would not exist? These are questions we need to ask ourselves and answer in private. This research may be a very small part of other research in this field, but why has there not been any discussion and analysis on the larger research in today's societies? All this is due to our insufficient knowledge of the world of viruses, which I hope this research can solve a small part of your ambiguities.
Keywords: virus, viral, mutations, other science, coronavirus, new species