Oligonucleotide-based drug delivery: challenges and opportunities
Oligonucleotide-based drug delivery: challenges and opportunities
parastookazempour,1,*Nazanin Jabellat,2Anahita Ataie,3Razieh Moazeni,4Seyyed Ebrahim Moosavifard,5
1. Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran 2. Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran 3. Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran 4. Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran 5. Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
Introduction: The majority of human sicknesses are inspired through genetic factors. Therefore, one healing avenue, gene therapy, substitutes the disease-related gene with the ‘healthy’ model of the gene or gene products. The first authorised human gene therapy treatment was approved in 1990.
Oligonucleotides are nucleic acid polymers with the capacity to deal with or control a huge variety of diseases. Although most oligonucleotide therapies have focused on gene silencing, other strategies are being pursued, including splice modulation and gene activation. As of January 2020, ten oligonucleotide pills have obtained regulatory approval from the FDA. These molecules have potential therapeutic uses in a variety of indications, with several oligonucleotide drugs recently approved. However, despite recent technological advances, obtaining efficient oligonucleotide delivery, particularly into extrahepatic tissues, remains a significant translation limitation.
This Review will offer an outline of oligonucleotide-primarily based totally drug systems.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted to identify studies published in multiple databases (Science Direct, Pubmed and google Scholar) by 2021, and recently published abstracts were also reviewed using the keywords oligonucleotides, oral drug, and drug delivery.
Results: Oligonucleotides are used to modulate gene expression via RNAi, splice modulation, RNase H-mediated degradation of cleavage targets, inhibition of non-coding RNA and gene activation methods. They also have been used for the past two decades in the PCR primers (polymerase chain reaction), RNA, siRNA and antisense studies, molecular diagnostics, gene therapy, microarrays, hybridization fluorescence in situ (FISH) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer.
There are wide techniques for oligonucleotide delivery. One is to include the oligonucleotide into a few shape of nanocarrier that then determines the tissue distribution and mobile interactions of the oligonucleotide. The different is to chemically adjust the oligonucleotide itself, maximum usually with a concentrated on ligand, whilst retaining the molecular nature of the conjugate.
Conclusion: proteins, lipids, and lipoproteins that were used as drugs and excipients. At the start of this studies area drug loading, enzymatic safety and cell uptake had been key troubles accompanied through extra complicated programs along with pulmonary drug transport or immune-modulation and vaccination. Summarizing the current knowledge in the field of protamine oligonucleotide nanoparticles, this drug delivery system provides significant flexibility in formulation and application