Introduction: The term "cancer" refers to more than 277 types of cancer, a process in which normal cells gradually turn into malignancies. . This damage can be the result of endogenous processes such as DNA replication errors, the inherent chemical instability of some DNA bases, or the attack of free radicals generated during metabolism. DNA damage can also be caused by interactions with exogenous factors such as ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation, and chemical carcinogens.
99.9% of genes are the same in all humans, and only 0.1% of human genes are different, which causes It becomes the apparent diversity of human beings. About 93% of cancers are the result of environmental factors and only 7% of them are hereditary.
There are more than one hundred thousand types of chemicals in our environment, of which only 35,000 have been analyzed and about 300 of them produce cancer. 65,000 chemicals left in nature have not yet been tested.
Cancer results from uncontrolled cell division that results from environmental factors and genetic disorders. The four groups of genes that frequently become abnormal play an important role in the production of cancer cells:-1Oncogenes, the proliferation of their activity causes the uncontrollable growth of cells 2-tumor inhibitory genes 3-DNA repair genes 4-apoptotic genes
The development of biology has led to a better understanding of these genes: oncogenes, are basically activated by structural or regulatory changes which lead the cell to continuous multiplication.Tumor suppressor genes, which can inhibit illegally activated cell cycle. They help tumor growth by creating missing mutations or permanent shrinkage, for example. With methylation; Apoptosis inhibitor genes that can contribute to tumor development by raising the threshold for apoptosis, and genes that cause apoptosis that can help by killing or inactivating apoptotic tumor cells. DNA repair genes that are inactivated can counteract the natural deletion of cells that carry potential cancer mutations. Hereditary mutations in DNA repair genes can lead to familial cancer syndromes.
Chemicals cause cancer cells to form called carcinogens. Cigarette smoke contains about 40 carcinogenic chemicals that often produce lung cancer. There are more than 100,000 types of chemicals in nature that directly or indirectly affect the cytoplasm and cell nucleus, leading to genetic disorders that eventually lead to mutations.
Viruses and bacteria and Different rays, in turn, produce hereditary cancers, which account for about 7% of all cancers.Cancerous tissues are divided into 6 groups: blood, lymph nodes, sarcoma, carcinoma, embryonic cells, sex cells. Cancer is a disease that disrupts intercellular relationships and disrupts vital and key genes. These molecular irregularities affect the cell division cycle and lead to non-differentiation of cells.
Biomarkers are molecules that indicate a normal or abnormal process in your body.one of the important tasks of biomarkers is identification of progression and stage of cancer. so that appropriate treatment can be provided to the patient at that particular stage. miRNAs can be good biomarkers for detection and even appropriate treatment for cancer in the near future. The expression levels of some of them (miR-373 and miR-335, miR-126, miR-31, miR-21, miR10-b( are altered in cancer, which could codify the diagnostic application of another class of non-large RNAs. LincRNA, noncoding intervening RNAs are also recognized as accepted biomarkers in breast cancer metastasis, including the use of miRNAs, which can be referred to as HOTAIRs. Also array lncRNAs can have high diagnostic value.
Other biomarkers you can count on are cell free Nucleic Acid (cfNA) These are mRNAs, DNAs and microRNAs that can be detected in the blood of cancer patients that tumor cells are secreted.The sequencing of these nucleic acids can also identify the various polymorphisms and mutations identified. The use of secretory nucleic acids in tumors has several benefits. It is possible to study the blood of cancer patients at certain intervals , and even to study genetic changes , cancer. These changes include natural changes in cancer cells, and changes that occur as a result of treatment. Another biomarker is the marker of gene expression. Obviously, the order in normal cells changes in gene expression in cancer cells.
Finally Recognition of important genes involved in cancer in recent studies can show promising prospects for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Methods: Review of scientific articles and journals
Results: Cancer is a disease that results from damage to DNA, which can be the result of endogenous processes or exogenous factors. In other words, the effects of environmental factors and genetic disorders can cause cancer.
Only 7% of cancers are hereditary and 93% are the result of environmental factors. Four groups of genes (1. Oncogenes 2. Tumor inhibitory genes 3. DNA repair genes 4. Apoptotic genes) play an important role in cancer cell production.
There are more than one hundred thousand types of chemicals in our environment and about 300 Some of them produce cancer. 65,000 chemicals left in nature have not yet been tested. Chemicals cause cancer cells to form called carcinogens. Viruses, bacteria, and various rays, in turn, produce inherited cancers.
Biomarkers are molecules that indicate a normal or abnormal process in your body and may be a sign of a condition or disease. Tumor markers (cancer biomarkers) are markers that are the result of secretion from a tumor cell or the result of necrosis and apoptosis of these cells. Specific changes in cancer cell molecules can be considered as biomarkers if they can be measured. Biomarkers can be RNA, DNA, proteins and metabolites.
Conclusion: nowdays, deployment of molecular biology with the knowledge of genes and biomarkers, etc., has led to early detection of cancer and help in treatment and even prevention.
Because a change in genes is the first stage of cell cancer, the identification of molecular biomarkers is very important in the early detection of this progressive disease. Also today, gene therapy is considered as one of the new methods of treating many genetic and complex diseases such as cancer. In recent decades, the use of non-invasive RNAs, including microRNA, in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer has attracted the attention of many researchers around the world. Various studies have shown that increasing or decreasing the level of microRNA expression in various carcinogenic processes and therefore modifying these changes can be effective in treating cancer.