Introduction: A stem cell is a low-differentiation cell that has the ability to divide and replicate itself indefinitely (often throughout the life of an organism) and, under the right conditions, can differentiate and become a type of cell in a living organism.
In the 1960s, scientists studying mice discovered two areas of the mouse brain that had dividing cells, and the resulting cells could turn into nerve cells, and years later found that the adult brain also had stem cells. Which are activated with the onset of disease or tissue damage.Stem cell classification based on differentiation power:
1) All-Power Stem Cells: These cells have the ability to become a variety of cells and tissues that make up the fetus. These cells are the most common type of stem cell.
2) Pluripotent stem cells: These cells have the ability to differentiate into any cell in vitro but do not have the ability to form extracellular cells (placenta).
3) Multiple stem cells: This type of cell has the ability to differentiate into more limited types of cells and can not form a complete embryo and are known as adult stem cells.Neuronal stem cells are mature stem cells that are multipotent and can differentiate into neurons and glial cells and can be obtained from the spinal cord and anterior brain.
Stem cell growth in the laboratory can be accomplished through cell culture, and in the differentiation phase, ectodermal cells can be differentiated into neurons using neuronal growth factors. It is only important to note that in uncontrolled conditions these cells may be tumorigenic
Parkinson's is a debilitating and progressive neurodegenerative disease
Symptoms: slowness of movement, stiffness, muscle tremors, imbalance, difficulty swallowing and speaking
The main pathology in this disease is the destruction or disintegration of nerve cells
The most common treatment for this disease in humans is the use of l-dopa and carbidopa drugs.At first, the researchers used their cell therapy in relation to this neurological disorder on an animal model, and in all of them, they achieved good results, such as:
Stem cells can be used to regenerate brain cells in patients with Parkinson's. Researchers in mice injected embryonic stem cells into the brains of mice with Parkinson's disease and found that the stem cells improved the mice.
Clinical studies on the therapeutic effect of human embryonic mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to be effective in improving the patient because these transplanted cells were able to secrete dopamine.
On the other hand, studies have shown that 7 to 15% of patients who have been transplanted have a slow movement that can be due to disrupted neurogenesis or the presence of chronic inflammation due to the immune response at the transplant site.
Methods: By study and review articlrs
Results: Cell therapy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders is in its early stages and still has room for improvement. There are many fundamental issues that need to be addressed. For example, recognizing the molecular properties of stem cell proliferation to cause genetic changes in ESCs (embryonic stem cells) and better development of NSCs (nerve stem cells) is one of the concerns today.
Conclusion: The study and comparison of different types of stem cells in the treatment of Parkinson's disease to some extent refers to the more effective role of nerve stem cells and umbilical cord stem cells in the treatment of the disease.