Introduction: Cancer is now considered one of the leading causes of mortality in developing countries. Due to the malignancy and late diagnosis of cancer, in most cases conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and nucleoside drugs are ineffective and have low survival rates. In addition, non-specific therapies such as chemotherapy can affect other normal cells in addition to the tissue and the cancer cell, and the risk of developing other types of cancer may be created by the potential for irreversible and dangerous mutations in the future. Nowadays, personalized treatments are one of the newest treatments in cancer treatment. One of the specific therapeutic mechanisms in the treatment of cancers is the use of bacterial metabolites and bacterial therapy. Over the past decades, clinical trials have shown that bacterial toxins can cause cell death using toxic and lethal effects. Toxins have common biochemical mechanisms, such as inhibition of protein synthesis. Research has shown that diphtheria toxin and exotoxin pseudomonas inhibit protein synthesis during elongation by using ADP ribosylation elongation factor 2 (EF-2). The N-glucosidase A-chain of ricin also depolarizes a critical adenine at 28s rRNA. By deleting or neutralizing the toxin binding domain and conjugating it with the monoclonal antibody, an immunotoxin is produced which can selectively target the antigens present on the cancer cells. Exotoxin Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common toxins used in the production of immunotoxins because of its high potential and specific properties. Cytolethal distending toxin is a bacterial toxin produced by gram-negative bacteria that breaks double-stranded DNA in eukaryotic cells and subsequently activates the mechanism of DNA damage and stops the cell at M / G2 stage. As a result, the cell will be programmed to die. If the enzymatic portion of this toxin is conjugated to the ligand, it can be a therapeutic target.
Methods: Surveying different articles related to the subject in recent years with using several internet search engines like google chrome, PubMed, and Scopus.
Results: For cancer treatment, the use of nonspecific therapies such as chemotherapy will cause damage to both normal and non-cancerous cells, given the effect on adjacent cells. One of the new therapies that has the most favorable effect on cancer treatment, despite its specificity, is bacterial therapy and the use of bacterial metabolites. One advantage of using toxin binding to monoclonal antibodies is that these immunotoxins can selectively target cancer antigens and cause targeted cell death in them. Clinical trials of exotoxin Pseudomonas aeruginosa have shown that these toxins can target cancer antigens in malignant blood and solid tumors such as leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, melanoma, and colon cancer and then cause them to die and stop.
Conclusion: In summary, recent clinical trials can conclude that bacterial therapy based therapies and the use of bacterial toxin can be better at treating cancers than conventional treatments. Given the low survival rate in those exposed to chemotherapy and its secondary effects on other natural cells, it can be concluded that specific therapies can provide a better and more favorable perspective in the treatment of cancers and malignancies to follow. Also, the use of dedicated therapies can significantly reduce the financial burden of cancer treatment and care in the community.