- Long Non-Coding RNAs in Thyroid Cancer: Implications for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy
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Alireza Afkhami,1,* Mohammad Jamshidi ,2 Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani ,3 Akram Jalali ,4 Arash Alghasi,5 Ali Shojaeian,6
1. Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
2. Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
3. Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz
4. Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan , Iran
5. Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
6. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord , Iran
- Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor, nerve growth factor neurotrophins, and insulin-like
growth factor 1 are considered 3 families of growth factors that can be involved in the process
of otic neurogenesis. In this respect, otic neurons can also be connected with mechanoreceptors
in the ear, the hair cells (HCs), as well as the central nervous system. As a growth
factor is combined with gene transfer technology, it can be used for hair cell regeneration.
Gene therapy can be similarly employed to introduce genes into a system in order to induce
the expression of genes for therapeutic agents, to replace defective genes, or to re-program
supporting or surrounding cells to acquire the phenotype of lost or damaged cells in order
to repair or regenerate the damaged tissue. The purpose of this review article was
to investigate the epigenetic and growth factors involved in the differentiation pathway of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into HCs and auditory neurons (ANs).
- Methods: To this end,
the databases of Directory of Open Access Journals, Google Scholar, PubMed (NLM), LISTA
(EBSCO), as well as Web of Science were searched.
- Results: : Given the results available in the
related literature, the differentiation efficacy of ESCs toward the ANs and the HCs, the important
role of growth factors, and 3 different strategies of application of miRNA, epigenetic regulation, and preparation of three-dimensional (3D) environments were suggested to be
taken into consideration in order to improve these studies in the future. Furthermore, the
role of epigenetic
mechanisms and miRNA in this differentiation process became quite obvious;
hence, the utilization of such procedures in the near future would be significant
- Conclusion: Combining several techniques with a synergic effect (such as growth factor gene
therapy and 3D environments) seemed to lead to obtaining the best results as a therapeutic
strategy
- Keywords: Growth factor · Three-dimensional culture system · Hearing loss · Hair cell regeneration ·
MicroRNAs